You should create custom toolbar for all your forms.These custom toolbars should contain functions specific to the current form and tour application in general. To create a custom toolbar:
1) Select View: Toolbars from the database window's menu bar to display the toolbars dialog.
2) Click on the new button.
3) Enter the name for your custom toolbar and click on Ok.
Your custom toolbar is now shown on the list toolbars along with all of built-in toolbars.You can now edit your custom toolbar just as you would edit in toolbar.
*Adding Tooltips to Toolbar Buttons*
Every toolbuttons can display a tooltip. You cannot change the tooltip of any standard toolbutton in Access but you can change the tooltip of any custom toolbutton you create by dragging an object such as a form to toolbar.To change the tooltip of a custom button:
1) Open the shortcut menu of the toolbutton that you want to assign an image.
2) Select choose button image.The choose button image dialog enables you to select an image from Access's image library.
3) Type the toolbutton's tooltip help in the description field.
4) Click on Ok to accept your changes.
A shortcut to accessing the customize toolbars dialog box is to right-click on any toolbar and select Customize.
Wednesday, January 27, 2010
Monday, January 4, 2010
ASSING_02 Current Trends
2 ARTICLES REGARDING DATABASES
1. Driving Down Costs
By Ian Abramson
Use “new” functionality within Oracle Database to save money and simplify operations.
In today’s challenging business climate, we must maximize the value that our organizations get from technology investments. Typically, the initial value of our business software solutions is measurable against the initial business requirement, but some software can also provide solutions and value beyond the original purpose.
As an Oracle technology user, I find that Oracle Database has many valuable features beyond its core information management competencies that make it a tremendous option in IT solution toolkits. When used to their fullest extent, these features can eliminate the need for third-party products, thus saving money and reducing system complexity. From data integration, data mining, and online analytical processing (OLAP) to database security and Oracle Application Express, Oracle Database includes many features that are often overlooked. Using just one of these features can reap huge benefits.
For example, as director of the Enterprise Data Group for Thoughtcorp, I recently became involved in a telecommunications project that demonstrates how to increase the value that can be derived from Oracle Database. We’re implementing an integrated data solution that provides information to the financial and marketing departments. Oracle Database is standard technology for the company, but loading and integration tools are not.
In the past, I would have recommended that the telecom look at third-party extract, transform, and load (ETL) tools. Today, I’m not so quick to do that. In this case, Oracle Warehouse Builder was the right choice to maximize the company’s existing database investments while minimizing the cost of new software licenses.
On our project, we loaded millions of rows of source data into the database using Oracle Warehouse Builder to leverage external tables. Oracle Warehouse Builder optimized the transforming and loading of information, and it provided a standard approach for reading, transforming, integrating, deploying, and moving the source data through to the integration layer. Within Oracle Warehouse Builder, we created standard dimension and error handling, which significantly reduced the complexity of the project.
Another Oracle Database capability that added value to the project and simplified the process was md5. Part of the dbms_obfuscation_toolkit package, md5 can create a repeatable hash value. We used this value to determine if a record had changed, so that we processed only those records that needed processing—new and changed—to the next layer of the system architecture.
During the project, we gathered best practices collected during previous engagements and from Oracle Warehouse Builder experts and used this information to create a framework that addressed many of the challenges that our solution required. For instance, we established a loading methodology that leverages Oracle ETL technology found in Oracle Database. (The work is done completely in Oracle Database; no other data integration server is used.) We used a staging area, from which the data moves into an integration area, and we provided a historical repository for additional data. Finally, we set up a customized data mart to provide data to end users. Each step in this project reflects planning, organization, and efficiencies that could be used on other projects.
As cost-conscious companies adopt Oracle Warehouse Builder and other built-in features of Oracle Database, developers and architects—members of the user community—need to develop standards and define best practices to ensure that people can take advantage of the functionality. The user community is also helping to spread the news. Oracle user community members consistently share their experiences and approaches with others and allow for the organic growth of standards and best practices for building solutions.
2. Tune It Up
By Sushma Jagannath
New features in Oracle Database 11g improve and speed SQL tuning.It can be a challenge to manage changes to the database or system and simultaneously ensure that application SQL performance does not regress and that all SQL statements use the optimal SQL execution plans. This column focuses on key features introduced in Oracle Database 11g that help manage system change for SQL statements and ensure optimal SQL statement performance. It presents sample questions of the type you may encounter when taking the Oracle Database 11g New Features for Administrators and the Oracle Database 11g Performance Tuning exams.
SQL Performance Analyzer
You can use the SQL Performance Analyzer feature in Oracle Database 11g to predict the impact of system changes on a workload and prevent potential performance problems for any database environment change that affects the structure of the SQL execution plans. System changes include changes to parameters, schemas, hardware, and the operating system as well as Oracle software upgrades.
The following outlines the steps for using SQL Performance Analyzer:
1. Capture the SQL workload on the production system, using SQL tuning sets or Oracle’s automatic workload repository tool.
2. Move the production SQL workload to a test system.
3. On the test system, use SQL Performance Analyzer to compute the before-change performance.
4. Make the changes recommended by SQL Performance Analyzer.
5. Use SQL Performance Analyzer to compute the after-change performance.
6. Use SQL Performance Analyzer to compare and analyze SQL performance based on execution statistics, such as elapsed time, CPU time, and buffer gets.
7. Tune any regressed SQL statements.
SQL Plan Management
After the optimizer provides an efficient execution plan for a SQL statement, there’s no guarantee that the optimizer will always use that execution plan. A plan can change for a variety of reasons, including changes to schema definitions, system settings, composition of data that affects selectivity and cardinality, database upgrades, new optimizer versions, and new statistics. Not being able to guarantee that a new execution plan will improve execution has caused some DBAs to freeze their execution plans or their optimizer statistics. Oracle Database 11g introduced the SQL Plan Management feature, which eliminates the need to freeze execution plans or optimizer statistics to control SQL plan execution.
SQL Plan Management automatically controls SQL plan evolution by using SQL plan baselines. With SQL Plan Management enabled, a newly generated SQL plan can become part of a SQL plan baseline only if that new plan will not result in performance regression. During execution of a SQL statement, only a plan that is part of the corresponding SQL plan baseline can be used.
You can start using SQL plan baselines either by bulk-loading them with the DBMS_SPM package or by setting the OPTIMIZER_CAPTURE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES parameter to TRUE. With the SQL plan baseline in place, you can evolve the baseline by using the DBMS_SPM.EVOLVE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE function to add a new plan or by running Oracle’s SQL Tuning Advisor tool to provide recommendations on whether a new plan is better than the one that exists in the baseline.
1. Driving Down Costs
By Ian Abramson
Use “new” functionality within Oracle Database to save money and simplify operations.
In today’s challenging business climate, we must maximize the value that our organizations get from technology investments. Typically, the initial value of our business software solutions is measurable against the initial business requirement, but some software can also provide solutions and value beyond the original purpose.
As an Oracle technology user, I find that Oracle Database has many valuable features beyond its core information management competencies that make it a tremendous option in IT solution toolkits. When used to their fullest extent, these features can eliminate the need for third-party products, thus saving money and reducing system complexity. From data integration, data mining, and online analytical processing (OLAP) to database security and Oracle Application Express, Oracle Database includes many features that are often overlooked. Using just one of these features can reap huge benefits.
For example, as director of the Enterprise Data Group for Thoughtcorp, I recently became involved in a telecommunications project that demonstrates how to increase the value that can be derived from Oracle Database. We’re implementing an integrated data solution that provides information to the financial and marketing departments. Oracle Database is standard technology for the company, but loading and integration tools are not.
In the past, I would have recommended that the telecom look at third-party extract, transform, and load (ETL) tools. Today, I’m not so quick to do that. In this case, Oracle Warehouse Builder was the right choice to maximize the company’s existing database investments while minimizing the cost of new software licenses.
On our project, we loaded millions of rows of source data into the database using Oracle Warehouse Builder to leverage external tables. Oracle Warehouse Builder optimized the transforming and loading of information, and it provided a standard approach for reading, transforming, integrating, deploying, and moving the source data through to the integration layer. Within Oracle Warehouse Builder, we created standard dimension and error handling, which significantly reduced the complexity of the project.
Another Oracle Database capability that added value to the project and simplified the process was md5. Part of the dbms_obfuscation_toolkit package, md5 can create a repeatable hash value. We used this value to determine if a record had changed, so that we processed only those records that needed processing—new and changed—to the next layer of the system architecture.
During the project, we gathered best practices collected during previous engagements and from Oracle Warehouse Builder experts and used this information to create a framework that addressed many of the challenges that our solution required. For instance, we established a loading methodology that leverages Oracle ETL technology found in Oracle Database. (The work is done completely in Oracle Database; no other data integration server is used.) We used a staging area, from which the data moves into an integration area, and we provided a historical repository for additional data. Finally, we set up a customized data mart to provide data to end users. Each step in this project reflects planning, organization, and efficiencies that could be used on other projects.
As cost-conscious companies adopt Oracle Warehouse Builder and other built-in features of Oracle Database, developers and architects—members of the user community—need to develop standards and define best practices to ensure that people can take advantage of the functionality. The user community is also helping to spread the news. Oracle user community members consistently share their experiences and approaches with others and allow for the organic growth of standards and best practices for building solutions.
2. Tune It Up
By Sushma Jagannath
New features in Oracle Database 11g improve and speed SQL tuning.It can be a challenge to manage changes to the database or system and simultaneously ensure that application SQL performance does not regress and that all SQL statements use the optimal SQL execution plans. This column focuses on key features introduced in Oracle Database 11g that help manage system change for SQL statements and ensure optimal SQL statement performance. It presents sample questions of the type you may encounter when taking the Oracle Database 11g New Features for Administrators and the Oracle Database 11g Performance Tuning exams.
SQL Performance Analyzer
You can use the SQL Performance Analyzer feature in Oracle Database 11g to predict the impact of system changes on a workload and prevent potential performance problems for any database environment change that affects the structure of the SQL execution plans. System changes include changes to parameters, schemas, hardware, and the operating system as well as Oracle software upgrades.
The following outlines the steps for using SQL Performance Analyzer:
1. Capture the SQL workload on the production system, using SQL tuning sets or Oracle’s automatic workload repository tool.
2. Move the production SQL workload to a test system.
3. On the test system, use SQL Performance Analyzer to compute the before-change performance.
4. Make the changes recommended by SQL Performance Analyzer.
5. Use SQL Performance Analyzer to compute the after-change performance.
6. Use SQL Performance Analyzer to compare and analyze SQL performance based on execution statistics, such as elapsed time, CPU time, and buffer gets.
7. Tune any regressed SQL statements.
SQL Plan Management
After the optimizer provides an efficient execution plan for a SQL statement, there’s no guarantee that the optimizer will always use that execution plan. A plan can change for a variety of reasons, including changes to schema definitions, system settings, composition of data that affects selectivity and cardinality, database upgrades, new optimizer versions, and new statistics. Not being able to guarantee that a new execution plan will improve execution has caused some DBAs to freeze their execution plans or their optimizer statistics. Oracle Database 11g introduced the SQL Plan Management feature, which eliminates the need to freeze execution plans or optimizer statistics to control SQL plan execution.
SQL Plan Management automatically controls SQL plan evolution by using SQL plan baselines. With SQL Plan Management enabled, a newly generated SQL plan can become part of a SQL plan baseline only if that new plan will not result in performance regression. During execution of a SQL statement, only a plan that is part of the corresponding SQL plan baseline can be used.
You can start using SQL plan baselines either by bulk-loading them with the DBMS_SPM package or by setting the OPTIMIZER_CAPTURE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES parameter to TRUE. With the SQL plan baseline in place, you can evolve the baseline by using the DBMS_SPM.EVOLVE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE function to add a new plan or by running Oracle’s SQL Tuning Advisor tool to provide recommendations on whether a new plan is better than the one that exists in the baseline.
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
ASSIGN_01
HIERARCHICAL Vs. RELATIONAL
A hierarchy is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above," "below," or "at the same level as" one another and with only one "neighbor" above and below each level. These classifications are made with regard to rank, importance, seniority, power status or authority. A hierarchy of power is called a power structure. Abstractly, a hierarchy is simply an ordered set or an acyclic graph.A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or horizontally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate other organizational patterns. Indirect hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path. All parts of the hierarchy which are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through a path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again.
A relational database matches data by using common characteristics found within the data set. The resulting groups of data are organized and are much easier for people to understand.For example, a data set containing all the real-estate transactions in a town can be grouped by the year the transaction occurred; or it can be grouped by the sale price of the transaction; or it can be grouped by the buyer's last name; and so on.Relational databases are currently the predominant choice in storing financial records, manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data and much more.Strictly, a relational database is a collection of relations (frequently called tables). Other items are frequently considered part of the database, as they help to organize and structure the data, in addition to forcing the database to conform to a set of requirements.
A hierarchy is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above," "below," or "at the same level as" one another and with only one "neighbor" above and below each level. These classifications are made with regard to rank, importance, seniority, power status or authority. A hierarchy of power is called a power structure. Abstractly, a hierarchy is simply an ordered set or an acyclic graph.A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or horizontally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate other organizational patterns. Indirect hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path. All parts of the hierarchy which are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through a path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again.
A relational database matches data by using common characteristics found within the data set. The resulting groups of data are organized and are much easier for people to understand.For example, a data set containing all the real-estate transactions in a town can be grouped by the year the transaction occurred; or it can be grouped by the sale price of the transaction; or it can be grouped by the buyer's last name; and so on.Relational databases are currently the predominant choice in storing financial records, manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data and much more.Strictly, a relational database is a collection of relations (frequently called tables). Other items are frequently considered part of the database, as they help to organize and structure the data, in addition to forcing the database to conform to a set of requirements.
Thursday, August 13, 2009
MY_Idea_Is
PART II.
A. Discuss what you have learned and understood about what DBMS is,so far.
I have learned that DBMS is responsible in building up or managing database.
It is a collection of interrelated data together with a set of programs to access the data, also called database system, or simply database. The primary goal of such a system is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing information.A database management system (DBMS) is designed to manage a large body of information. Data management involves both defining structures for storing information and providing mechanisms for manipulating the information. In addition, the database system must provide for the safety of the stored information, despite system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access.
B.Define how each of the ff. fit and function within the framework or relational DBMS system.
*Data field- all area in a computer memory or program or screen.It is a place where you can store data. Commonly used to refer to a column in a database or a field in a data entry form or web form.The field may contain data to be entered as well as data to be displayed.
*Forms- a kind of specifications of which data types are you gonna use.
*Foreign key- the uniformity and simultaneous access for your datas.is a referential constraint between two tables. The foreign key identifies a column or a set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table. The columns in the referencing table must be the primary key or other candidate key in the referenced table. The values in one row of the referencing columns must occur in a single row in the referenced table. Thus, a row in the referencing table cannot contain values that don't exist in the referenced table (except potentially NULL). This way references can be made to link information together and it is an essential part of database normalization. Multiple rows in the referencing table may refer to the same row in the referenced table. Most of the time, it reflects the one (master table, or referenced table) to many (child table, or referencing table) relationship.
*Queries- Allow us to view data in different ways.is a form of questioning, in a line of inquiry.
*Records- The answered queries that you had put on or stored.
*Reports- Allow us to format a data.It is a document characterized by information or other content reflective of inquiry or investigation, which is tailored to the context of a given situation and audience.
A. Discuss what you have learned and understood about what DBMS is,so far.
I have learned that DBMS is responsible in building up or managing database.
It is a collection of interrelated data together with a set of programs to access the data, also called database system, or simply database. The primary goal of such a system is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing information.A database management system (DBMS) is designed to manage a large body of information. Data management involves both defining structures for storing information and providing mechanisms for manipulating the information. In addition, the database system must provide for the safety of the stored information, despite system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access.
B.Define how each of the ff. fit and function within the framework or relational DBMS system.
*Data field- all area in a computer memory or program or screen.It is a place where you can store data. Commonly used to refer to a column in a database or a field in a data entry form or web form.The field may contain data to be entered as well as data to be displayed.
*Forms- a kind of specifications of which data types are you gonna use.
*Foreign key- the uniformity and simultaneous access for your datas.is a referential constraint between two tables. The foreign key identifies a column or a set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table. The columns in the referencing table must be the primary key or other candidate key in the referenced table. The values in one row of the referencing columns must occur in a single row in the referenced table. Thus, a row in the referencing table cannot contain values that don't exist in the referenced table (except potentially NULL). This way references can be made to link information together and it is an essential part of database normalization. Multiple rows in the referencing table may refer to the same row in the referenced table. Most of the time, it reflects the one (master table, or referenced table) to many (child table, or referencing table) relationship.
*Queries- Allow us to view data in different ways.is a form of questioning, in a line of inquiry.
*Records- The answered queries that you had put on or stored.
*Reports- Allow us to format a data.It is a document characterized by information or other content reflective of inquiry or investigation, which is tailored to the context of a given situation and audience.
Monday, July 6, 2009
MY_ASSINGMENT
Data Type is a set of data with values that have similar, predefined characteristics. Every variable and property value in Director is of a specific data type, and values returned by methods are of a specific data type.
A. What are they and what role do they play in database?
Abstract data types (ADT) or abstract data structure is a mathematical model for a certain class of data structures that have similar behavior; or for certain data types of one or more programming languages that have similar semantics. An ADT is defined indirectly, only by the operations that may be performed on it and by mathematical constraints on the effects (and possibly cost) of those operations .
Algebraic data types (sometimes also called a variant type[1]) is a datatype each of whose values is data from other datatypes wrapped in one of the constructors of the datatype. Any wrapped datum is an argument to the constructor. In contrast to other datatypes, the constructor is not executed and the only way to operate on the data is to unwrap the constructor using pattern matching.
Composite data types are data types which can be constructed in a program using its programming language's primitive data types and other composite types. The act of constructing a composite type is known as composition.
Primitive data types can refer to either of the following concepts.
a basic type is a data type provided by a programming language as a basic building block. Most languages allow more complicated composite types to be recursively constructed starting from basic types.
a built-in type is a data type for which the programming language provides built-in support.
B. Enumerate at least 3 DBMS Software.
Alpha Five is a relational database management system and Rapid Application Development system (RAD) for building Windows desktop and Web (including AJAX) applications.It is developed by Alpha Software, Inc., which has been continually producing end-user and developer database application software since 1982[1][2]. Alpha Five version 8 was a finalist in the Dr. Dobb's Jolt Awards for 2008 in the category of "Best Development environment"[3] and winner of the 2005 Product of the Year award for "Best Database" from CRN.com[4].
FileMaker Pro is a cross-platform relational database application from FileMaker Inc. (a subsidiary of Apple Inc.). It integrates a database engine with a GUI-based interface, allowing users to modify the database by dragging new elements into layouts/screens/forms.FileMaker evolved from a DOS application, but was then developed primarily for the Apple Macintosh. Since 1992 it has been available for Microsoft Windows as well as Mac OS, and can be used in a heterogeneous environment. It is available in desktop, server, and web-delivery configurations.
Firebird is an open source relational database management system that runs on GNU/Linux, Windows, and a variety of Unix platforms. The database forked from Borland's open source edition of InterBase in 2000, but since Firebird 1.5 the code has been largely rewritten.
A. What are they and what role do they play in database?
Abstract data types (ADT) or abstract data structure is a mathematical model for a certain class of data structures that have similar behavior; or for certain data types of one or more programming languages that have similar semantics. An ADT is defined indirectly, only by the operations that may be performed on it and by mathematical constraints on the effects (and possibly cost) of those operations .
Algebraic data types (sometimes also called a variant type[1]) is a datatype each of whose values is data from other datatypes wrapped in one of the constructors of the datatype. Any wrapped datum is an argument to the constructor. In contrast to other datatypes, the constructor is not executed and the only way to operate on the data is to unwrap the constructor using pattern matching.
Composite data types are data types which can be constructed in a program using its programming language's primitive data types and other composite types. The act of constructing a composite type is known as composition.
Primitive data types can refer to either of the following concepts.
a basic type is a data type provided by a programming language as a basic building block. Most languages allow more complicated composite types to be recursively constructed starting from basic types.
a built-in type is a data type for which the programming language provides built-in support.
B. Enumerate at least 3 DBMS Software.
Alpha Five is a relational database management system and Rapid Application Development system (RAD) for building Windows desktop and Web (including AJAX) applications.It is developed by Alpha Software, Inc., which has been continually producing end-user and developer database application software since 1982[1][2]. Alpha Five version 8 was a finalist in the Dr. Dobb's Jolt Awards for 2008 in the category of "Best Development environment"[3] and winner of the 2005 Product of the Year award for "Best Database" from CRN.com[4].
FileMaker Pro is a cross-platform relational database application from FileMaker Inc. (a subsidiary of Apple Inc.). It integrates a database engine with a GUI-based interface, allowing users to modify the database by dragging new elements into layouts/screens/forms.FileMaker evolved from a DOS application, but was then developed primarily for the Apple Macintosh. Since 1992 it has been available for Microsoft Windows as well as Mac OS, and can be used in a heterogeneous environment. It is available in desktop, server, and web-delivery configurations.
Firebird is an open source relational database management system that runs on GNU/Linux, Windows, and a variety of Unix platforms. The database forked from Borland's open source edition of InterBase in 2000, but since Firebird 1.5 the code has been largely rewritten.
Wednesday, June 24, 2009
MVvs.DATAF
Memory variable files are a way to store the status of memory variables that are currently stored in memory.A variable is a way of referring to a memory location used in a computer program. This memory location holds values- perhaps numbers or text or more complicated types of data like a payroll record.
Data field definition usually includes field structure (size of each field and whether it is a date, an integer, or a text field) and field organization (names and locations of data fields within a document record).A data field in a database that contains the date of the document.
Data field definition usually includes field structure (size of each field and whether it is a date, an integer, or a text field) and field organization (names and locations of data fields within a document record).A data field in a database that contains the date of the document.
Friday, June 19, 2009
MYCONTRAST
A. Data vs Information
* Data are pieces of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of "datum) are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived.
* Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
B. Computer Storage vs Data Storage
* Computer storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components, devices, and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic computer model used since the 1940s.
C. Computer System vs Operating System
* A complete, working computer. The computer system includes not only the computer, but also any software and peripheral devices that are necessary to make the computer function. Every computer system, for example, requires an operating system.
* Operating system (commonly abbreviated to either OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for computing applications that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware.
* Data are pieces of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of "datum) are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived.
* Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
B. Computer Storage vs Data Storage
* Computer storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components, devices, and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic computer model used since the 1940s.
C. Computer System vs Operating System
* A complete, working computer. The computer system includes not only the computer, but also any software and peripheral devices that are necessary to make the computer function. Every computer system, for example, requires an operating system.
* Operating system (commonly abbreviated to either OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for computing applications that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware.
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